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''Theba pisana'', common names the white garden snail, sand hill snail, white Italian snail, Mediterranean coastal snail, and simply just the Mediterranean snail, is an edible species of medium-sized, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails. This species is native to the Mediterranean region, however, it has become an invasive species in many other countries worldwide. ''Theba pisana'' is a well-known agricultural pest in numerous parts of the world.〔 The shell color varies from white to yellow-brown with light brown spiral markings.〔 ==Distribution== The species is native to the Mediterranean region. The type locality is Italy.〔 The distribution of ''Theba pisana'' includes the Mediterranean region and adjacent Atlantic coasts from central Morocco to north western Europe:〔 * Morocco〔 * Portugal〔 * In Spain occasionally also in the interior.〔 It is introduced to Minorca.〔 - A subspecies, ''Theba pisana arietina'', from coastal habitats in Spain, is on the Red List as Endangered.〔 * Italy * Malta〔Kolouch L. R. (2003). "Suchozemští, sladkovodní a brakičtí měkkýši ostrovů Malty. (freshwater, and brackish mollusca of Malta islands )". ''Malacologica Bohemoslovaca'' 2: 43-50. (PDF ).〕 * Greece〔 * Israel〔 * Egypt〔Commonwealth of Australia. (April 2002). ("Citrus Imports from the Arab Republic of Egypt. A Review Under Existing Import Conditions for Citrus from Israel" ). Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia. Caption: Gastropods, page 12 and Appendix 2.〕 * Belgium〔 * central Atlantic islands〔 The species has been introduced to numerous other areas, including: * southwestern England and south Wales,〔 Great Britain:〔Kerney M. P. & Cameron R. A. D. (1979). ''A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe''. - Collins, London.〕 - introduced since at least the 1700s〔 * eastern and southern Ireland - introduced since at least the 1700s and it is still spreading along frost-free coastal localities.〔 * Netherlands - non-indigenous * the USA in California * parts of Africa * Asia * southeastern Australia, southwestern Australia and Tasmania〔Clarke, G. M., Gross, S., Matthews, M., Catling, P. C., Baker, B., Hewitt, C. L., Crowther, D., & Saddler, S. R. 2000, ''Environmental Pest Species in Australia'', Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.〕 * South Africa〔Odendaal L. J., Haupt T. M. & Griffiths C. L. (2008). "The alien invasive land snail ''Theba pisana'' in the West Coast National Park: Is there cause for concern?". ''Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science'' 50(1): 93-98. (abstract ), .〕 - It was introduced into South Africa prior to 1881.〔 It has invaded the fynbos biome in South Africa.〔 Given the very high densities that ''Theba pisana'' can attain at some sites, plus their apparently not particular feeding habits, their potential impact on the vegetation is cause for concern and should be further investigated.〔 In many of these places ''T. pisana'' has become a problematic invasive species and a serious agricultural pest. This species is already established in the USA, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.〔Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". ''American Malacological Bulletin'' 27: 113-132. (PDF ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Theba pisana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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